Developing 35 mm film in a darkroom can be a long process, but many photographers prefer this method to its digital counterpart. Working the "old-fashioned" way offers unique creative control not found in modern digital photography. The darkroom includes certain equipment, techniques and chemicals. Four main chemical solutions are used in the development of 35mm film, which can be found as liquid concentrations or in powder form. They are diluted in water and are used separately to turn those small rolls of film into long strips of negative images.
Developer
The first solution used in the darkroom process, developer, does just what its names implies. In technical terms, the development stage exposes silver-halide particles into black metal. In layman's terms, it develops the film. Based on the type you use, different additives and ingredients may be included, but all developers are chemically the same. They are alkali solutions--the opposite of acids.
Stopper
The stopper is the second chemical solution used in developing photos. The main ingredient in the stopper is an acetic acid, which is used to create an "acid stop bath." Once placed in the stop bath, the film stops developing on contact. Because of the stopper's acetic properties, it acts as the opposite to the developer. The stopper is a gentle acetic acid and is safe to use.
Fixer
After the development is stopped, the film must be fixed so it can be viewed under normal light. Technically, the fixer dissolves the unexposed silver salt from the light-sensitive emulsions while leaving the metallic silver intact. The main chemical used in the fixer is sodium thiosulphate. This chemical can react with the developer to create ammonia, which has been known to create smells in the darkroom.
Wetting Agent
The last step in darkroom process involves using a wetting agent to wash the film and allow water to run over the film quickly and easily. This prevents water spots, and it also aids in drying. Wetting agents are of the same chemical family as those used as the last wash in a dish-washing machine. The most well-known commercial name is Triton-X.
Developing 35 mm film in a darkroom can be a long process, but many photographers prefer this method to its digital counterpart. Working the "old-fashioned" way offers unique creative control not found in modern digital photography. The darkroom includes certain equipment, techniques and chemicals. Four main chemical solutions are used in the development of 35mm film, which can be found as liquid concentrations or in powder form. They are diluted in water and are used separately to turn those small rolls of film into long strips of negative images.
Developer
The first solution used in the darkroom process, developer, does just what its names implies. In technical terms, the development stage exposes silver-halide particles into black metal. In layman's terms, it develops the film. Based on the type you use, different additives and ingredients may be included, but all developers are chemically the same. They are alkali solutions--the opposite of acids.
Stopper
The stopper is the second chemical solution used in developing photos. The main ingredient in the stopper is an acetic acid, which is used to create an "acid stop bath." Once placed in the stop bath, the film stops developing on contact. Because of the stopper's acetic properties, it acts as the opposite to the developer. The stopper is a gentle acetic acid and is safe to use.
Fixer
After the development is stopped, the film must be fixed so it can be viewed under normal light. Technically, the fixer dissolves the unexposed silver salt from the light-sensitive emulsions while leaving the metallic silver intact. The main chemical used in the fixer is sodium thiosulphate. This chemical can react with the developer to create ammonia, which has been known to create smells in the darkroom.
Wetting Agent
The last step in darkroom process involves using a wetting agent to wash the film and allow water to run over the film quickly and easily. This prevents water spots, and it also aids in drying. Wetting agents are of the same chemical family as those used as the last wash in a dish-washing machine. The most well-known commercial name is Triton-X.
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