Photography literally means "writing with light," and film has served for more than a century as the canvas on which photographers make their art. Although the roots for photographic film were established millennia ago, it was in the 19th century that the first true innovations would take place that allowed the capture and preservation of indelible images.
Camera Obscura
The camera obscura ("dark room" in Latin) dates back to ancient times and consists of a dark room and a strategically placed hole in a wall. On the opposite wall an upside-down image would show, allowing portrait painters to produce very realistic paintings. In 1826, the Frenchman Joseph-Nicphore Nipce utilized the camera obscura principle and combined it with a graphic process known as lithography. Through this technique he produced the first known photograph, a view out of his room window. The image, though, was grainy and required an exposure of eight hours of sunlight, according to the "Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography."
Daguerreotype
In 1829, another Frenchman, Louis-Jacques-Mand Daguerre, contacted Nipce after finding out about the latter's discovery. Together, they found ways to capture an image using light-sensitive silver iodide compounds. They exposed a copper plate to iodine vapor, so a coating of silver iodide would form on top of it, and then utilized this plate as a canvas. Daguerre later found ways to make the image permanent by using mercury as a developing agent and then fixing it in what was known as Hyposulfite of soda, "hypo" for short. The result, a high-quality image known as a daguerreotype, became very popular at the time.
Calotype
At the same time, an Englishman named William Henry Fox Talbot developed his own technique that first resulted in negative images. Talbot then placed the negative image on top of another layer of light-sensitive paper and exposed both slips of paper to sunlight. This resulted in a positive image called a calotype, and enabled several identical images to be produced from the same negative, unlike a daguerreotype. However, the clarity and detail of calotype images paled in comparison to those of daguerreotypes.
Wet Colloidon
Then in 1851, another Englishman named Frederick Scott Archer developed the wet colloidon process, which combined the image clarity of daguerreotypes with the ability of taking multiple positives of images like the calotype process. However, under this process, photographers needed to have a portable darkroom whenever they were taking pictures. For instance, notable Civil War photographer Mathew Brady captured images of war from a traveling darkroom inside a horse-drawn wagon.
Color Films
Following the lead of James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist who showed that all colors could be represented by the three primary colors (red, green and blue), the Lumire brothers invented in 1907 the autochrome process, which integrated several layers of dyed starch grains made of primary colors. The results of this process weren't a close parallel to reality and were more similar to an Impressionist painting. It wasn't until two research scientists at the Eastman Kodak Co. came up with the Kodachrome process in 1935 that realistic colors in photography became possible.
Evolution of Film
Over time, emulsions (the light-sensitive substance in films) became more sensitive, allowing much shorter exposures. Advances in the materials used to suspend the emulsion also helped in the development of photography, first with the invention of gelatin and later with the development of thin, flexible cellulose. The combination of gelatin with cellulose made possible the use of rolls of film, which in turn allowed images to be photographed quickly and sequentially. George Eastman of Eastman Kodak took full advantage of this development, manufacturing some of the first consumer-based cameras.
Advances in Printing
Since the beginning of the 20th century, printing processes were divided in prints produced by direct exposure to light, and negatives that could produce multiple positive prints after proper development. The direct printing of positive images, known back then as the albumen process, was the most popular at the beginning of the century. Silver gelatin and colloidon were frequently used print emulsions at the time, with the latter falling out of vogue by the 1920s. Throughout the century, silver gelatin prints were available in several types, ranging from " soft" papers requiring longer exposures to "hard" papers that enabled a wider range of tones. Then in the 1970s, resin-coated papers were introduced to accelerate processing.
Photography literally means "writing with light," and film has served for more than a century as the canvas on which photographers make their art. Although the roots for photographic film were established millennia ago, it was in the 19th century that the first true innovations would take place that allowed the capture and preservation of indelible images.
Camera Obscura
The camera obscura ("dark room" in Latin) dates back to ancient times and consists of a dark room and a strategically placed hole in a wall. On the opposite wall an upside-down image would show, allowing portrait painters to produce very realistic paintings. In 1826, the Frenchman Joseph-Nicphore Nipce utilized the camera obscura principle and combined it with a graphic process known as lithography. Through this technique he produced the first known photograph, a view out of his room window. The image, though, was grainy and required an exposure of eight hours of sunlight, according to the "Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography."
Daguerreotype
In 1829, another Frenchman, Louis-Jacques-Mand Daguerre, contacted Nipce after finding out about the latter's discovery. Together, they found ways to capture an image using light-sensitive silver iodide compounds. They exposed a copper plate to iodine vapor, so a coating of silver iodide would form on top of it, and then utilized this plate as a canvas. Daguerre later found ways to make the image permanent by using mercury as a developing agent and then fixing it in what was known as Hyposulfite of soda, "hypo" for short. The result, a high-quality image known as a daguerreotype, became very popular at the time.
Calotype
At the same time, an Englishman named William Henry Fox Talbot developed his own technique that first resulted in negative images. Talbot then placed the negative image on top of another layer of light-sensitive paper and exposed both slips of paper to sunlight. This resulted in a positive image called a calotype, and enabled several identical images to be produced from the same negative, unlike a daguerreotype. However, the clarity and detail of calotype images paled in comparison to those of daguerreotypes.
Wet Colloidon
Then in 1851, another Englishman named Frederick Scott Archer developed the wet colloidon process, which combined the image clarity of daguerreotypes with the ability of taking multiple positives of images like the calotype process. However, under this process, photographers needed to have a portable darkroom whenever they were taking pictures. For instance, notable Civil War photographer Mathew Brady captured images of war from a traveling darkroom inside a horse-drawn wagon.
Color Films
Following the lead of James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist who showed that all colors could be represented by the three primary colors (red, green and blue), the Lumire brothers invented in 1907 the autochrome process, which integrated several layers of dyed starch grains made of primary colors. The results of this process weren't a close parallel to reality and were more similar to an Impressionist painting.
Enhance your photography skill,The Top Secret Photography Techniques
. It wasn't until two research scientists at the Eastman Kodak Co. came up with the Kodachrome process in 1935 that realistic colors in photography became possible.Evolution of Film
Over time, emulsions (the light-sensitive substance in films) became more sensitive, allowing much shorter exposures. Advances in the materials used to suspend the emulsion also helped in the development of photography, first with the invention of gelatin and later with the development of thin, flexible cellulose. The combination of gelatin with cellulose made possible the use of rolls of film, which in turn allowed images to be photographed quickly and sequentially. George Eastman of Eastman Kodak took full advantage of this development, manufacturing some of the first consumer-based cameras.
Advances in Printing
Since the beginning of the 20th century, printing processes were divided in prints produced by direct exposure to light, and negatives that could produce multiple positive prints after proper development. The direct printing of positive images, known back then as the albumen process, was the most popular at the beginning of the century. Silver gelatin and colloidon were frequently used print emulsions at the time, with the latter falling out of vogue by the 1920s. Throughout the century, silver gelatin prints were available in several types, ranging from " soft" papers requiring longer exposures to "hard" papers that enabled a wider range of tones. Then in the 1970s, resin-coated papers were introduced to accelerate processing.
History.com History Made Every Day American & World History
www.history.comShows Games Videos See Full Schedule This Day in HistoryExplore HISTORY shows, watch videos and full episodes, play games and access articles on historical topics at History.com.
Adorama - Photography, Digital Cameras, Lenses, Electronics -
www.adorama.comDigital Cameras Shop Used SLR Lenses Flash/Lighting Digital SLRsSame Day Shipping 'til 8PM! The best combination of quality services, vast selection, knowledgeable staff and competitive pricing. Adorama - More Than A Camera Store
History of Printing
diamondsutra.inkol.comhome timeline diamond-sutra inkol.com. The History of Printing. The history of printing is also a history of people, culture and trade. Technological changes come as ...
American Film Institute
www.afi.comAmerican Film Institute: AFI is America's promise to preserve the history of the motion picture, to honor the artists and their work and to educate the next ...
WELCOME TO RED DIGITAL CINEMA manufacturer of 4K and
www.red.com06/27/2013 EPIC flies high over New Zealand. Television commercial director, Mark Toia, recently shared an astound... 06/19/2013 Exploring Infrared Cinematography
FUJIFILM SeeHere
www.seehere.com3D Printing Services Fujifilm continues to support 3D prints with a new website dedicated solely to your 3D printing needs. Uploading and ordering 3D prints has never ...
KODAK: Motion Picture Camera Negative Films, Digital
motion.kodak.comSix Hollywood Studios Now Have Agreements with Kodak . Products; Motion Picture Film; Lab and Post; Print Film ... Real Life Heroes Co-Star with Superman in
Greatest Films - The Best Movies in Cinematic History
www.filmsite.orgAn award-winning, unique resource of film reference material for film buffs and others, with reviews of classic American-Hollywood films, Academy Awards history, film ...
U.S. Army Center Of Military History
www.history.army.milJan 10, 2013 CMH Online is rapidly emerging as one of the largest libraries of military history information on the Internet. With many full-text books and articles, a ...
History of the Internet - YouTube
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4"History of the internet" is an animated documentary explaining the inventions from time-sharing to filesharing, from Arpanet to Internet. The clip was ...
Chicago History Museum
chicagohistory.orgA privately endowed, independent institution devoted to collecting, interpreting, and presenting the rich multicultural history of Chicago and Illinois, as well as ...
UH - Digital History
www.digitalhistory.uh.eduEnhances history teaching and research through primary sources, an online textbook, extensive reference resources, and interactive materials.
Natural History Museum
www.nhm.ac.ukBook exhibition tickets. Explore our galleries, science, news, games, videos and forums - ask an expert. South Kensington tube. London, UK.
EyeWitness to History - history through the eyes of those who
eyewitnesstohistory.comFirst hand accounts, illustrated with vintage photos, original radio broadcasts.
Digital cameras, lenses and photo gear at calumetphoto.com
www.calumetphoto.comLocations Digital SLR Cameras Lenses Lighting Store LocationsOnline catalog of professional imaging products and supplies.
Home of History Education: National History Day
www.nhd.orgHistory education is important. National History Day engages people in history by providing quality materials for history and social studies educators and sponsoring ...
Digital camera, camera, SLR, lenses, camcorder & accessories -
www.jessops.com- Shop online for digital cameras, digital SLR cameras, lenses, camcorders, printers, memory cards, camera accessories, camcorder accessories at Jessops
The Wild Geese - The History of The Irish...Worldwide
thenewwildgeese.comThe Wild Geese is a social network ... LUAIN-- On June 24, 1797, John Hughes, the first archbishop of New York, was born in Annaloghlan, County Tyrone.
Canon Global
www.canon.comSupport USA (Canon Usa) All ProductsGlobal Web site of Canon. The reformation and the expansion that healthily becomes it hangs, and Canon Inc. aims at further development.
aWhat sort of camera are you looking for? - Home Fujifilm Europe
www.fujifilm.eu/ukDigital cameras, digital camera accessories and digital photography equipment from Fujifilm United Kingdom. Official website for award winning Fuji digital cameras ...
Veterans History Project (Library of Congress)
www.loc.gov American Folklife CenterHome Page for the Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Motivated by the urgent need to collect the stories and experiences of war ...
Digital Cameras & Accessories at RitzCamera.com - Free Shipping
www.ritzcamera.comStore Locator Nikon Canon Prints Digital SLRDigital camera reviews, product information and specifications at the official site of Ritz Camera. Choose from a large selection of digital cameras, lenses, camera ...
0 comments:
Post a Comment